The Four Elements of Service Pattern

Writing services in ZIO using the Service Pattern is very similar to the object-oriented way of defining services. We use scala traits to define services, classes to implement services, and constructors to define service dependencies. Finally, we lift the class constructor into the ZLayer.

Let's start learning this service pattern by writing a DocRepo service:

1. Service Definition

Traits are how we define services. A service could be all the stuff that is related to one concept with singular responsibility. We define the service definition with a trait named DocRepo:

import zio._

final case class Doc(
  title: String,
  description: String,
  language: String,
  format: String,
  content: Array[Byte]
)

trait DocRepo {
  def get(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Doc]

  def save(document: Doc): ZIO[Any, Throwable, String]

  def delete(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Unit]

  def findByTitle(title: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, List[Doc]]
}

2. Service Implementation

It is the same as what we did in an object-oriented fashion. We implement the service with the Scala class:

final class DocRepoLive() extends DocRepo {
  override def get(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Doc] = ???

  override def save(document: Doc): ZIO[Any, Throwable, String] = ???

  override def delete(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Unit] = ???

  override def findByTitle(title: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, List[Doc]] = ???
}

3. Service Dependencies

We might need MetadataRepo and BlobStorage services to implement the DocRepo service. Here, we put its dependencies into its constructor. All the dependencies are just interfaces, not implementation. Just like what we did in object-oriented style.

First, we need to define the interfaces for MetadataRepo and BlobStorage services:

final case class Metadata(
  title: String,
  description: String,
  language: String,
  format: String
)

trait MetadataRepo {
  def get(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Metadata]

  def put(id: String, metadata: Metadata): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Unit]

  def delete(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Unit]

  def findByTitle(title: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Map[String, Metadata]]
}

trait BlobStorage {
  def get(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Array[Byte]]

  def put(content: Array[Byte]): ZIO[Any, Throwable, String]

  def delete(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Unit]
}

Now, we can implement the DocRepo service:

final class DocRepoLive(
  metadataRepo: MetadataRepo,
  blobStorage: BlobStorage
) extends DocRepo {
  override def get(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Doc] =
    (metadataRepo.get(id) <&> blobStorage.get(id)).map {
      case (metadata, content) =>
        Doc(
          title = metadata.title,
          description = metadata.description,
          language = metadata.language,
          format = metadata.format,
          content = content
        )
    }
    
  override def save(document: Doc): ZIO[Any, Throwable, String] =
    for {
      id       <- blobStorage.put(document.content)
      metadata = Metadata(
        title = document.title,
        description = document.description,
        language = document.language,
        format = document.format
      )
      _        <- metadataRepo.put(id, metadata)
    } yield id

  override def delete(id: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, Unit] = blobStorage.delete(id) &> metadataRepo.delete(id).unit

  override def findByTitle(title: String): ZIO[Any, Throwable, List[Doc]] =
    for {
      metadatas <- metadataRepo.findByTitle(title)
      content   <- ZIO.foreachPar(metadatas) { (id, metadata) =>
                     blobStorage
                       .get(id)
                       .map { content =>
                         val doc = Doc(
                           title = metadata.title,
                           description = metadata.description,
                           language = metadata.language,
                           format = metadata.format,
                           content = content
                         )
                    
                         id -> doc
                       }
                   }
    } yield content.values.toList
}

4. ZLayer (Constructor)

Now, we create a companion object for DocRepoLive data type and lift the service implementation into the ZLayer:

object DocRepo {
  /**
   * The "live" implementation of the `DocRepo` service.
   */
  val live: ZLayer[BlobStorage & MetadataRepo, Nothing, DocRepo] =
    ZLayer {
      for {
        metadataRepo <- ZIO.service[MetadataRepo]
        blobStorage  <- ZIO.service[BlobStorage]
      } yield new DocRepoLive(metadataRepo, blobStorage)
    }
}

And voila! We have implemented the DocRepo service using the Service Pattern.

Assembling the application

Similarly, we need to implement the BlobStorage and MetadataRepo services:

object InmemoryBlobStorage {
  /**
   * An in-memory implementation of the `BlobStorage` service.
   */
  val layer = 
    ZLayer {
      ???
    } 
}

object InmemoryMetadataRepo {
  /**
   * An in-memory implementation of the `MetadataRepo` service.
   */
  val layer = 
    ZLayer {
      ???
    }
}

This is how ZIO services are created. Let's use the DocRepo service in our application. We should provide DocRepo layer to be able to run the application:

import zio._
import java.io.IOException

object MainApp extends ZIOAppDefault {
  val app =
    for {
      docRepo <- ZIO.service[DocRepo]
      id      <- docRepo.save(
                    Doc(
                      "title",
                      "description",
                      "en",
                      "text/plain",
                      "content".getBytes()
                    )
                 )
      doc     <- docRepo.get(id)
      _       <- Console.printLine(
                   s"""
                     |Downloaded the document with $id id:
                     |  title: ${doc.title}
                     |  description: ${doc.description}
                     |  language: ${doc.language}
                     |  format: ${doc.format}
                     |""".stripMargin
                 )  
      _       <- docRepo.delete(id)
      _       <- Console.printLine(s"Deleted the document with $id id")
    } yield ()

  def run =
    app.provide(
      DocRepo.live,
      InmemoryBlobStorage.layer,
      InmemoryMetadataRepo.layer
    )
}

During writing the application, we don't care which implementation version of the BlobStorage and MetadataRepo services will be injected into our app. Later at the end of the day, it will be provided by one of ZIO#provide* methods.

That's it! Very simple! ZIO encourages us to follow some of the best practices in object-oriented programming. So it doesn't require us to throw away all our object-oriented knowledge.